Fig 2: Nondiabetic plasma-treated SVFs decrease the expression of inflammatory meditators and suppress the activation of JNK and NFκB in the liver of Leprdb/db mice. SVFs were harvested from the adipose tissue of Leprdb/db mice and treated with plasma from Lepr+/+ or Leprdb/db mice. Lepr+/+ or Leprdb/db plasma-treated SVFs were injected into the inguinal WAT of Leprdb/db mice. Lepr+/+ and Lepr.db/db mice were also treated with PBS as controls. One week later, the liver was harvested and subjected to Q-PCR analysis for ICAM, FMO3, TNFα, iNOS, DPP4, and IL-6 mRNA expression (A), and western blot analysis for pJNK, JNK, pNFκB, NFκB, and DPP4 protein expression (B). N = 3–4/group. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01

Fig 3: Diabetic plasma induces M1 expression and non-diabetic plasma induces M2 expression in SVFs from Leprdb/db mice.Plasma harvested from Leprdb/db or Lepr+/+ mice were diluted with PBS to 10% and added to the equal amount of SVFs isolated from adipose tissue of Leprdb/db mice followed by in vitro culture at 37°C. After 4 hours of incubation, cells were then collected and subjected to Q-PCR analysis for mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, CCL2, and DPP4. N = 5/group. *p <0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Fig 4: Nondiabetic plasma-treated SVFs decrease adipose tissue IL-33 expression, plasma CCL2 and adiponectin levels, and plasma DPP4 activity in diabetic mice. SVFs were harvested from the adipose tissue of Leprdb/db mice and then treated with plasma from Lepr+/+ or Leprdb/db mice. Lepr+/+ or Leprdb/db plasma-treated SVFs were injected into the inguinal WAT of Leprdb/db mice. Lepr+/+ and Leprdb/db mice were also treated with PBS as controls. A One week later, the adipose tissue was harvested and then subjected to ELISA to detect IL-33 expression. The blood was harvested to determine plasma CCL2 B and adiponectin C levels. D Leprdb/db mice were injected with increased numbers (1 × 107 and 2 × 107) of Lepr+/+ or Lepr.db/db plasma-treated SVFs, and the blood was harvested to measure plasma DPP4 activity. N = 5/group. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001

Fig 5: Injection of plasma from Lepr+/+ mice into adipose tissue of Leprdb/db mice decreases TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and DPP4 mRNA expression in Kupffer cells of Leprdb/db mice.Plasma harvested from Leprdb/db or Lepr+/+ mice was diluted with PBS to 10%, and one ml of 10% plasma was injected into adipose tissue of Leprdb/db mice. Leprdb/db and Lepr+/+ mice were also injected with PBS to serve as controls. Seven days after injection, animals were euthanized and livers were harvested. Kupffer cells were then isolated from livers and subjected to Q-PCR analysis for mRNA expression of TNFα, iNOS, DPP4, and IL-6. N = 6/group. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.